Summer Fun Activities for Preschoolers Integrating Science and Math

As adults, when we think of machines that we use on a regular basis they probably include things like automobiles, lawnmowers, and washing machines. If we begin to think of machines WITHOUT electricity, this eliminates light-bulbs, computers and many of the machines we now rely on for everyday life.

But, before the invention – and wide availability – of electricity, people relied on machines.  Machines were used to build the pyramids. Machines were used for transportation, including horse-drawn carriages and bicycles. They were used for farming (plows drawn by animals), for making cloth (looms), for providing people with drinking water (aqueducts), and so forth.

All mechanical (not operated by electricity) machines are based on six kinds of simple machines: a wheel and axle, a lever, an inclined plane, a pulley, a screw, and a wedge. The wedge and the screw are both modified inclined planes.

These summer fun preschool activities are based on machines and teach concepts of preschool science and math.

Activity #1: Machines – Measuring Speed

With warmer weather upon us, especially if you live in a neighborhood, it’s likely that you see children riding tricycles, scooters and bikes. The kids are having a lot of fun, but what they don’t realize is that they are riding on machines. These machines use wheels to increase movement and speed compared to walking or running.

On your driveway or in any empty space, designate your start point by chalking a line. Then another chalk line at the end point. Children take turns walking from the start line to the end. The adult measures how long this takes either by counting or using a stopwatch. A tally chart is chalked on the pavement with the names of each child and mode of transportation. Then each child runs from that start to the finish line. As you all look at the results of walking and running, ask the children to explain why they think there are differences from person to person. There will be a number of responses and all should be welcomed as great possibilities. Of course, age and size have a great effect on performance. We wouldn’t expect a three-year-old to out-pace a five-year-old. The key point is that running is faster than walking although running uses a lot more energy.

Next, let’s see the effect of wheels to help us move more quickly while not using a lot of energy. We’re going to see what happens when we use a scooter to get from the start line to the end point. Note that we use the action of one leg to help push the scooter forward and that push enables the wheel to move much faster than walking. Next, let’s see what happens when we use a tricycle. Compare the speeds (time taken) between the scooter and the tricycle. Why the difference? They’ll be a number of answers depending on which machine moves faster.  The tricycle uses the energy of two legs instead of only one. The scooter can glide but the tricycle cannot.  The answer to which will be faster may not be obvious.  That’s what your investigation will find out.

Have children who can ride a bicycle compare their speed walking, running, using the bicycle, tricycle, and scooter. Look at the bicycle and speculate on why the bicycle is so much faster. The pedals, chain, and gear magnify the energy efficiently resulting in its wheels turning quickly.

Activity #2: Machines – Measuring Distance

Ramps – inclined planes – are another simple machine.  They help us move more smoothly and quickly compared to steps or a rocky surface. People who have mobility challenges may use a wheelchair to move around more freely. But what happens when it comes to navigating steps?  A wheelchair can’t go up steps. The person in the wheelchair is stuck. What we need is an inclined plane, or ramp, so the wheelchair can avoid the steps and roll up or down.

If you have a stroller demonstrate how hard it is to go up or down steps compared to a ramp. There are lots of practical reasons to use ramps in everyday life but this next activity is a fun way of showing how a ramp can help move an object more quickly than a flat or bumpy surface.

Make a ramp out of a piece of lumber, baking sheet or board. Place blocks under the top most part to create the slope. Now bring on the toy cars. Depending on the width of the ramp each person can put their car at the top and see what happens. The cars travel down the slope quickly (assisted by gravity) and go much further than a simple push on a level surface.

Here’s the question for our ramp enthusiasts. Will the pitch of the slope affect the speed of the car as measured by how far it travels? Well let’s find out. Count the number of horizontal blocks that make the ramp slope. Use a tally chart to record the pitch of the slope by the number of horizontal blocks. Start with one row of blocks and each child takes a car and releases it down the slope. Use a particular chalk color to indicate when the car stops. Record the data on the tally sheet. Add another row of blocks and see what happens. Do the cars go further? As everyone has taken a turn and chalk marks indicate the stopping point, raise the slope of the ramp by another row of blocks. What happens?

Let everyone contribute to the discussion then look at the data. We can look at the height of the ramp by row of blocks. The more rows of blocks the steeper the ramp. What happens when the ramp is steeper?

One of the things we know about learning is that repetition is very important to help understand concepts and process. These summer preschool activities are truly fun and bear repeating from time to time.